Background and Aim: Although orthodontists have long recognized that the extraction (Ext) of premolars often is accompanied by changes in the soft tissue profile, investigations indicate that the soft tissue does not always respond favorably to hard-tissue retraction. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of treatment, with and without premolar Ext, on the lateral facial profiles of borderline patients with particular reference to the curvature of the upper and lower lips.Materials & Methods: Eighty-nine border line patients were included in this study. 41 patients were treated with a non-extraction (Non-Ext) protocol, 16 patients were treated with extractions of 5.5, 18 patients with 4.4 and 14 patients with 4.5. All pre-and posttreatment lateral cephalograms were traced and analysis by one examiner. To quantify the soft tissue effects of growth and treatment, the depths of the upper and lower lip curves were calculated in two ways relative to the PM reference line and anterior soft tissue reference line.Results: The changes in depth of upper and lower lip curves were statistically significant (P<0.001).The Non-Ext group showed an increase in depth of upper and lower lip curves, whereas the Ext group showed a decrease in depth of upper and lower lip curves. No significant differences were found between the various extraction sequences (5.5, 4.4, 4.5) for depth of the upper and lower lip curves changes.Conclusions: l) The upper and lower lip changes were significant; more retrusive in the Ext group and more protrusive in the Non-Ext group. 2) There were no significant post treatment differences in the depths of upper and lower lip curves between premolar extraction sequences.

Background & Aim: Extraction of first premolars and their influence on the third molars' eruption and impaction has been of concern to dental profession. The aim of this study, was to determine the relation between the changes of third molar angulation and the first premolar extraction in orthodontic treatment.Materials and Methods: This analytical study was carried out on total 90 subjects selected from two orthodontic clinics. Forty five subjects (14 males and 31 females) 14.46±1.64 years old treated with extraction of four first premolars (extraction group) and the other 45 subjects (13 males, 32 females) 13.9±1.99 years old treated by nonextraction were studied. Lateral cephalometric and panoramic films were studied before and after treatment. Eight angles in panoramic, four angles and 4 linear variables on the lateral cephalometric films were measured. Age, gender, amount of crowding in both dental arches and treatment duration were matched in the two groups. Student t and chi square tests were used to analyze the data.Results: The upper eruption space and the lower eruption spaces were more in extraction group and the difference was significant (P=0.02, P=0.004, P<0.001). The changes of third molar angulation were not significant between the two groups. Eruption rate of the third molars in both arches were more in extraction group and the difference was significant (P<0.001).Conclusion: Extraction of the first premolars did not influence the changes in the third molar angulation, while it affected the third molar eruption by space creation. It seems that extraction of the first premolars is not a way for secure eruption of the third molar.

Human tears can be used as a noninvasive source of genetic materials and biomarkers in the prognosis and diagnosis of ocular and non-ocular diseases. The present protocol is a novel direct RNA extraction method from tears. This study aims to provide a suitable method for direct extraction of RNA from tears with high quality and quantity. In this study, we develop a TRIzol base protocol for direct RNA extraction from human tears. quality and quantity of extracted RNA measured by calculation of 260/280 UV absorption ratio using Nanodrop and real-time PCR. RNA was extracted with this modified method and a purified (260/280 UV absorption ratio between 1.8 to 2 and a high yield of total RNA, on average 95 μg, from tears was extracted. In conclusion, we developed an easy and suitable method for direct extraction of total RNA from tears with high quality and quantity.

This study was conducted to optimize valuable bioactive compounds extraction from mulberry leaves using agitated solvent extraction through Box-Behnken response surface methodology. The effects of process independent variables including temperature (25-45 ºC), agitation intensity (100-300 RPM) and extraction time (2-6 h) on the extraction yield of valuable bioactive compounds were studied. In this study, the optimized conditions aimed to obtain highest extraction yield were 38 ºC, 235 RPM and 5 h of extraction time. Under these conditions, the extraction yield was 20.05%. The results revealed that the model obtained explains the relationship between the independent variables and response very well and also suitable for predicting extraction yield using any combination of values for the independent variables. Antioxidant activity of extract obtained under optimized conditions was determined using Diphenyl Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) assays. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the extract was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The TPC and antioxidant activity measured using DPPH and H2O2 assays were 38.12±0.15 mg GAE/g extract, 66.54±0.12% and 4.87±0.16%, respectively. Finally, the results obtained were compared with the results of Soxhlet extraction method. The results revealed that applying agitated solvent extraction led to obtain more extraction yield with higher antioxidant activity within shorter extraction time.

Introduction: DNA extraction from the ancient bones tissues is currently very difficult. Phenol chloroform silica method is one of the methods currently used for this aim. The purpose of this study was to optimize the assessment method.Methods: DNA of 62 bone tissues (average 3-11 years) was first extracted with phenol chloroform silica methods and then with changing of some parameters of the methods the extracted DNA was amplified in eight polymorphisms area including FES, F13, D13S317, D16, D5S818, vWA and CD4. Results from samples gained by two methods were compared in acrylamide gel.Results: The average of PCR yield for new method and common method in eight polymorphism regions was 75%, 78%, 81%, 76%, 85%, 71%, 89%, 86% and 64%, 39%, 70%, 49%, 68%, 76%, 71% and 28% respectively. The average of DNA in optimized (in 35l silica density) and common method were 267.5 μg/ml with 1.12 purity and 192.76 g/ml with 0.84 purity respectively.Conclusions: According to the findings of this study, it is estimated that longer EDTA attendance is an efficient agent in removing calcium and also adequate density of silica particles can be efficient in removal of PCR inhibitors.